Implementation Of Finite Element Analysis Research Articles

Finite element analysis of the mechanical performance of self-expanding endovascular stents made with new nickel-free superelastic β-titanium alloys

New Ni-free superelastic β-titanium alloys from the Ti–Zr–Nb–Sn system have been designed in this study to replace the NiTi alloy currently used for self-expanding endovascular stents. The simulation results, carried out by finite element analysis (FEA) on two β-type Ti–Zr–Nb–Sn alloys using a commonly used superelastic constitutive model, were in good agreement with the experimental uniaxial tension data. An ad-hoc self-expanding coronary stent was specifically designed for the present study. To assess the mechanical performance of the endovascular stents, a FEA framework of the stent deployed in the arterial system was established, and a simply cyclic bending loading was proposed. Six comparative simulations of three superelastic materials (including NiTi for comparison) and two arterial configurations were successfully conducted. The mechanical behaviours of the stents were analysed through stress localization, the increase in artery diameter, contact results, and distributions of mean and alternating strain. The simulation results show that the Ti–22Zr–11Nb–2Sn (at. %) alloy composition for the stent produces the largest contact area (9.92 mm2) and radial contact force (49.5 mN) on the inner surface of the plaque and a higher increase in the stenotic artery diameter (70 %) after three vascular bending cycles. Furthermore, the Ti–22Zr–11Nb–2Sn stent exhibited sufficient crimping capacity and reliable mechanical performance during deployment and cyclic bending, which could make it a suitable choice for self-expanding coronary stents. In this work, the implementation of finite element analysis has thus made it possible to propose a solid basis for the mechanical evaluation of these stents fabricated in new Ni-free superelastic β-Ti alloys.

Comprehensive analysis of in-plane tensile characteristics of hybrid composite using finite element method

In recent times, there has been a growing need within the automotive and aerospace sectors for materials that possess certain characteristics, including elevated strength, reduced density, and economic viability. Entrepreneurs and researchers have been actively investigating novel methodologies to create materials that exhibit enhanced characteristics, while concurrently mitigating the expenses associated with their production. Polymer, a material that has garnered attention from engineers, is being increasingly employed in the fabrication of composite materials. In order to comprehend and enhance the characteristics of composites, as well as to effectively tackle the diverse array of factors that impact these characteristics, it is imperative to engage in both manufacturing and testing processes. Therefore, the utilization of Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) methodologies, specifically the Finite Element Method (FEM), has become an essential component in the process of designing and analyzing composite materials. The utilization of ANSYS Material Designer enables the implementation of finite element analysis to accurately examine the microscale structure of the material. The main aim of this research was to assess the tensile characteristics of hybrid composites that were strengthened by a combination of carbon and natural fibers. The findings of this study indicate that various factors, such as the volume fraction of fibers, the specific type of fiber reinforcement, the arrangement of layers, and the orientation of individual plies, have a substantial impact on the characteristics of composite materials. In a particular investigation centered on altered stacking sequences of composite materials, it was observed that a stacking sequence of [C/F/C]2 s-[0°/90°/0°]2 s displayed the greatest tensile strength compared to other stacking configurations. This stacking sequence achieved a maximum tensile strength of 3319.50 MPa. The elastic properties of the composites were evaluated in the investigation using ANSYS composite modeling. The results obtained from this analysis exhibited a high degree of agreement with the theoretical calculations.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Repair Performance for Subsea Oil and Gas Pipelines: The Recent Brief Review (2018-2022)

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials are used to reinforce and repair subsea pipelines in the oil and gas (O&G) industry due to their great strength-to-weight ratio as well as corrosion resistance. The extreme environmental conditions that subsea pipelines must endure include high pressure, high temperature, as well as corrosion. Modelling the effects of these conditions on the repaired pipeline can be challenging, and inaccuracies in modelling the underwater environment can lead to incorrect predictions regarding the repaired pipeline's behaviour. The finite element method (FEM)’s capabilities, as well as applications, are examined in this work. FEM is being used in place of time-consuming processes and conventional codes since they have demonstrated their strength as prediction tools. This article provides information on the to better understand the accuracy and reliability of the FEA modelling techniques used to simulate the behaviour of the FRP repair system under different operating conditions. The descriptions focus on the many types of composite fibres and the qualities that come from their components. Related document gathering was conducted from 2018-2022 and research on 53 papers were downloaded and acquired from the Scopus and Science Direct database. The review also discusses the insight into the practical implementation of finite element analysis (FEA) modelling involves understanding how FEA is used to solve real-world problems. Moreover, the findings show that by diversifying the FRP materials used in the repair design, the overall performance of the repaired pipeline can be optimized, leading to increased safety and reliability in subsea O&G operations. Also, the scope for future studies.

Simulating hyperelasticity and fractional viscoelasticity in the human heart

Biomechanics plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of pathological conditions of the heart. Computational models are paving the way for personalized therapeutic treatment but they rely on accurate constitutive equations for predicting their biomechanical behavior. Even so, viscoelasticity remains under-explored in computational modeling despite experimental observations. To facilitate the viscoelastic modeling of cardiovascular soft tissues, we previously developed a fractional viscoelastic modeling approach, which extends existing hyperelastic models. This has comparable computational costs to the conventional hyperelastic model and only requires two additional material parameters for the viscoelastic response. This approach was demonstrated to be able to accurately capture the viscoelastic response of the human myocardium. However, the numerical properties of this fractional viscoelastic approach have not yet been examined. In this work, we present its implementation in Finite Element Analysis, examine its numerical properties in uniaxial extension and 2D inflation test examples, and examine its physiological implication in a computational model of an idealized left ventricle in a fully idealized circulatory system. Optimal convergence properties were observed and the importance of viscoelasticity during passive filling, ventricular motion, and regional fiber strain and stresses were explained.

Coupling an SPH-based solver with an FEA structural solver to simulate free surface flows interacting with flexible structures

This work proposes a two-way coupling between a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model-based named DualSPHysics and a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method to solve fluid–structure interaction (FSI). Aiming at having a computationally efficient solution via spatial adjustable resolutions for the two phases, the SPH-FEA coupling herein presented implements the Euler–Bernoulli beam model, based on a simplified model that incorporates axial and flexural deformations, to introduce a solid solver in the DualSPHysics framework. This approach is particularly functional and very precise for slender beam elements undergoing large displacements, and large deformations can also be experienced by the structural elements due to the non-linear FEA implementation via a co-rotational formulation. In this two-way coupling, the structure is discretised in the SPH domain using boundary particles on which the forces exerted by fluid phases are computed. Such forces are passed over to the FEA structural solver that updates the beam shape and, finally, the particle positions are subsequently reshuffled to represent the deformed shape at each time step. The SPH-FEA coupling is validated against four reference cases, which prove the model to be as accurate as other approaches presented in literature.

Identifiability of soft tissue constitutive parameters from in-vivo macro-indentation

Reliable identification of soft tissue material parameters is frequently required in a variety of applications, particularly for biomechanical simulations using finite element analysis (FEA). However, determining representative constitutive laws and material parameters is challenging and often comprises a bottleneck that hinders the successful implementation of FEA. Soft tissues exhibit a nonlinear response and are commonly modeled using hyperelastic constitutive laws. In-vivo material parameter identification, for which standard mechanical tests (e.g., uniaxial tension and compression) are inapplicable, is commonly achieved using finite macro-indentation test. Due to the lack of analytical solutions, the parameters are commonly identified using inverse FEA (iFEA), in which simulated results and experimental data are iteratively compared. However, determining what data must be collected to accurately identify a unique parameter set remains unclear. This work investigates the sensitivities of two types of measurements: indentation force-depth data (e.g., measured using an instrumented indenter) and full-field surface displacements (e.g., using digital image correlation). To eliminate model fidelity and measurement-related errors, we employed an axisymmetric indentation FE model to produce synthetic data for four 2-parameter hyperelastic constitutive laws: compressible Neo-Hookean, and nearly incompressible Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden, and Ogden-Moerman models. For each constitutive law, we computed the objective functions representing the discrepancies in the reaction force, the surface displacement, and their combination, and visualized them for hundreds of parameter sets, spanning a representative range as found in the literature for the bulk soft tissue complex in human lower limbs. Moreover, we quantified three identifiability metrics, which provided insights into the uniqueness (or lack thereof) and the sensitivities. This approach provides a clear and systematic evaluation of the parameter identifiability, which is independent of the selection of the optimization algorithm and initial guesses required in iFEA. Our analysis indicated that the indenter’s force-depth data, despite being commonly used for parameter identification, was insufficient for reliably and accurately identifying both parameters for all the investigated material models and that the surface displacement data improved the parameter identifiability in all cases, although the Mooney-Rivlin parameters remained poorly identifiable. Informed by the results, we then discuss several identification strategies for each constitutive model. Finally, we openly provide the codes used in this study, to allow others to further investigate the indentation problem according to their specifications (e.g., by modifying the geometries, dimensions, mesh, material models, boundary conditions, contact parameters, or objective functions).

Implementation of finite element analysis for solving the constraints in forming process of large steel parts

In recent years, the demand for high-durability parts are rising too much. These challenges are difficult to overcome without an innovative framework based on an accurate database. The problems of high stress generated due to the hard friction and severe crystal dislocation during the forming process need to be solved. High frictional forces between the contact surfaces while forming lead to high sticking between the parts. In this work, forming process of the large sheet metal has been explored based on some parameters like material properties, stress generation, and their effects on the product quality. For this purpose, square sheet metal of 721*721*5 mm is considered, and the product formation through many forming steps was carried out. This work includes adopting some design steps, modeling, and analysis to control some parameters and minimize the generation stresses. The finite element software (ABAQUS/CAE) has been adopted for analyzing this process. In this simulation, the forming process evolution in different steps has been analyzed, and the influence of the effective parameters was performed. As a result, it’s found that the generation stresses are highly concentrated near the fillet zones and proportional to the pressure, and depend on the nature of contact and friction. Simulation results also revealed that the uniform pressure during forming will leads to minimizing the friction and stress generation (5 %) and this will improve the product quality. Also, it’s possible to identify and facilitate many difficulties and evaluate the possibilities before further investing in tooling. It’s concluded that any accurate process like this must depend on some sequence steps like design, modeling, and simulation. Moreover, folding the large surface area needs accurate and adjustable types of equipment.

Seismic behavior and failure modes of non-ductile three-story reinforced concrete structure: A numerical investigation

Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in Taiwan have suffered failure from strong earthquakes, which was magnified by the non-ductile detailing frames. Inadequate reinforcement as a consequence of the design philosophy prior to the introduction of current standards resulted in severe damage in the column and beam-column joint (BCJ). This study establishes a finite element analysis (FEA) of the non-ductile detailing RC column, BCJ, and three-story building that was previously tested through a tri-axial shaking table test. The results were then validated to laboratory specimens having the exact same dimensions and properties. FEA simulation integrates the concrete damage plasticity model and the elastic-perfectly plastic model for steel. The load-displacement responses of the column and BCJ specimens obtained from FEA were in a reasonable agreement with the experimental curves. The resulting initial stiffness and maximum base shear were found to be a close approximation to the experimental results. Also, the findings of a dynamic analysis of the three-story building showed that the time-history data of acceleration and displacement correlated well with the shaking table test results. This indicates the FEA implementation can be effectively used to predict the RC frame performance and failure mode under seismic loads.

3D finite element analysis of Al7075-T6 drilling with coated solid tooling

Due to the fact that simulation of drilling was added in commercial finite element analysis (FEA) software only recently, 3D finite element modelling is an invaluable asset during related researches. The present study employs 3D FEA to model the drilling process of Al7075-T6 alloy with solid carbide tooling, investigates important phenomena that occur during drilling and finally compares the simulated results with experimental data. A number of simulations were performed with DEFORM3D™ software at different cutting conditions; cutting speed of 50m/min, 100m/min, 150m/min and feed of 0.15mm/rev, 0.20mm/rev, 0.25mm/rev. The proposed model takes into consideration certain aspects like damage initiation and evolution of the material, contact interface between the drill bit and the workpiece and standard boundary conditions. Eventually, the acquired numerical data for thrust force were compared to the experimental results for the same cutting conditions and parameters. To obtain the experimental data, a series of nine drilling tests were performed. Upon validation of the numerical data, the temperature distribution on the tool tip – workpiece interface, as well as the chip morphology (shape and curling radius) were determined. Results showed a good agreement between the numerical and the experimental data. Specifically, thrust force and chip morphology exhibited an agreement of about 95% and 90% respectively, which confirms the potential of 3D FEA implementation on machining investigations.

On the implementation of FEA for the design and development of a new biaxial tensile test fixture for uniaxial testing machine: a validation for cruciform test specimens

Sheet metals tend to have an anisotropic behavior due do their manufacturing process; hence, specialized equipment is needed for its mechanical characterization. In this work, the design for a biaxial tensile testing fixture, which can be used along with a universal testing machine for the characterization of sheet metals, is presented. First, a conceptual design of the fixture was generated, considering multiple characteristics observed on the devices existing in the literature; this conceptual design was evaluated using finite element analysis (FEA), and the results were validated with a prototype manufactured through additive manufacturing (AM). Based on the conceptual AM prototype, an iterative detailed design was carried out, in which FEA was used to estimate the performance of the fixture during test and dimensioning the different parts. Lastly, a fully functional prototype of the fixture was manufactured and tested with cruciform specimens fabricated from soft materials. The experimental results showed that the movements and performance of the fixture were adequate for the development of a biaxial tensile test. Thereby, the obtained results provide evidence of the advantages of using computer-aided design, FEA and AM synergistically, for the development of the proposed mechanism.

Predictive prosthetic socket design: part 1\u2014population-based evaluation of transtibial prosthetic sockets by FEA-driven surrogate modelling

It has been proposed that finite element analysis can complement clinical decision making for the appropriate design and manufacture of prosthetic sockets for amputees. However, clinical translation has not been achieved, in part due to lengthy solver times and the complexity involved in model development. In this study, a parametric model was created, informed by variation in (i) population-driven residuum shape morphology, (ii) soft tissue compliance and (iii) prosthetic socket design. A Kriging surrogate model was fitted to the response of the analyses across the design space enabling prediction for new residual limb morphologies and socket designs. It was predicted that morphological variability and prosthetic socket design had a substantial effect on socket-limb interfacial pressure and shear conditions as well as sub-dermal soft tissue strains. These relationships were investigated with a higher resolution of anatomical, surgical and design variability than previously reported, with a reduction in computational expense of six orders of magnitude. This enabled real-time predictions (1.6 ms) with error vs the analytical solutions of < 4 kPa in pressure at residuum tip, and < 3% in soft tissue strain. As such, this framework represents a substantial step towards implementation of finite element analysis in the prosthetics clinic.

Correlation of fracture parameters during onset of crack in middle tension specimen

Abstract The present study addresses the implementation of finite element analysis and the prediction of fracture parameters in a middle tension (MT) specimen that was fabricated using AISI 4140 steel. The correlation of fracture parameters with external loads and crack sizes was investigated. A Finite Element code was developed to simulate the fracture model. The contour integral method was applied in the calculation of stress intensity factor and J-integral in the cracked specimen. The ASTM standard empirical formula was used to calculate the stress intensity factor (SIF) and the numerical predictions were validated. A standard laboratory experiment was also carried out using the MT specimen to calculate the crack growth rate in this specific material. The SIF values were almost linear with external load but it was decreasing as the crack size increases. The crack requires minimum load for crack propagation as the crack size increases. Similarly the J-integral was accelerated with increase in crack size. Highlights Fracture analysis carried out on 4140 steel middle tension specimen using FEA. Correlation of fracture parameters with loads and crack sizes was carried out. The ASTM standard was employed to validate FEA results and obtained accurate results.

Coupled glass and structure response of conventional curtain walls subjected to blast loads: validation tests and analysis

This paper presents comparisons of analysis predictions and shock tube test results from a recent dynamic test program involving a conventional Enclos curtain wall system designed solely for wind and gravity loads. Measured blast wave induced glazing response and mullion deflections are compared to response predictions made using fast running nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) techniques incorporating LS-DYNA based finite element analysis of structural mullions and FEA implementation of statistical glass fracture prediction techniques. The design-level nonlinear finite element analysis was performed using WhAM [window (hazard) analysis module], a fast-running, web-based design tool for blast-loaded curtain wall systems. WhAM was developed by Protection Engineering Consultants (PEC) with support from the Enclos Advanced Technology Studio. Post-test comparisons between measured and predicted system and component-level response were carried out to (a) evaluate the accuracy of WhAM, and (b) illustrate how the precision test data can be used to enhance certain features of the WhAM software such as its glass material model (an LS-DYNA user-defined constitutive model with probabilistic failure criterion based on the ASTM E1300 glass failure prediction model and dynamic test data) and simplified modeling techniques for connection details. Note that SI units are used throughout the text of this paper. American/imperial units are also provided in tables when raw data was originally recorded in those units. Data plots resulting from raw data are also presented in American/imperial units.

Finite Element Analysis of Denosumab Treatment Effects on Vertebral Strength in Ovariectomized Cynomolgus Monkeys.

Finite element analysis has not yet been validated for measuring changes in whole-bone strength at the hip or spine in people after treatment with an osteoporosis agent. Toward that end, we assessed the ability of a clinically approved implementation of finite element analysis to correctly quantify treatment effects on vertebral strength, comparing against direct mechanical testing, in cynomolgus monkeys randomly assigned to one of three 16-month-long treatments: sham surgery with vehicle (Sham-Vehicle), ovariectomy with vehicle (OVX-Vehicle), or ovariectomy with denosumab (OVX-DMAb). After treatment, T12 vertebrae were retrieved, scanned with micro-CT, and mechanically tested to measure compressive strength. Blinded to the strength data and treatment codes, the micro-CT images were coarsened and homogenized to create continuum-type finite element models, without explicit porosity. With clinical translation in mind, these models were then analyzed for strength using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared VirtuOst software application (O.N. Diagnostics, Berkeley, CA, USA), developed for analysis of human bones. We found that vertebral strength by finite element analysis was highly correlated (R(2)  = 0.97; n = 52) with mechanical testing, independent of treatment (p = 0.12). Further, the size of the treatment effect on strength (ratio of mean OVX-DMAb to mean OVX-Vehicle, as a percentage) was large and did not differ (p = 0.79) between mechanical testing (+57%; 95% CI [26%, 95%]) and finite element analysis (+51% [20%, 88%]). The micro-CT analysis revealed increases in cortical thickness (+45% [19%, 73%]) and trabecular bone volume fraction (+24% [8%, 42%]). These results show that a preestablished clinical finite element analysis implementation-developed for human bone and clinically validated in fracture-outcome studies-correctly quantified the observed treatment effects of denosumab on vertebral strength in cynomolgus monkeys. One implication is that the treatment effects in this study are well explained by the features contained within these finite element models, namely, the bone geometry and mass and the spatial distribution of bone mass. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Impact of Dual Gauge Railway Tracks on Traffic Load Induced Permanent Deformation of Low Embankments

There is a growing interest in recent years of many African countries to revamp their neglected railways in order to promote regional trade and transportation integration. Investors are faced with problems of railway track gauge conversions to promote railway inter operability. The objective of the work documented here was to numerically evaluate the impact of track gauge conversions on traffic load induced permanent deformation (PD) of low embankment on soft sub-grade. A method to predict the traffic load induced settlement of low embankment on soft sub-grade is proposed. Using the user-defined material subroutines (UMAT) in ABAQUS, a 2-D finite element (FE) model was formulated. These models are converted into a numerical formulation for implementation in FE analysis and the traffic load induced dynamic stress in the sub grade are calculated by using the multi-layer elastic theory. Then the plastic vertical strain in the sub-grade is calculated by an empirical equation, whose constants are related to the physical and mechanical properties of the sub-grade soil. The method was applied to analyze a 700m long section of a low embankment on the soft black cotton soil of Nakuru plains in Kenya. Corresponding results showed that the application of traffic loads on alternate rail tracks due to gauge conversions have a significant effect on the permanent deformation of the sub grade soil. The depth significantly influenced by traffic loading was found to be close to 6 m below the base of the embankment. The analysis also shows that increasing the thickness and stiffness of the sub grade is a very effective way of reducing the traffic load induced permanent deformation of soft sub grade soil. The proposed method can be used for settlement analysis on low embankments as well as a useful tool for making decisions on railway track gauge conversions.

Numerical estimation of concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars

This paper introduces numerical investigation on mechanical performance of a concrete beam reinforced with Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars, which can be competitive alternative to steel bars for enhancing concrete structures. The objective of this work is being identified as elaborating of reliable numerical model for predicting strength capacity of structural elements with implementation of Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The numerical model is based on experimental study prepared for the beams, which were reinforced with Basalt FRP (BFRP) bars and steel bars (for comparison). The results obtained for the beams reinforced with steel bars are found to be in close agreement with the experimental results. However, the beams reinforced with BFRP bars in experimental programme demonstrated higher bearing capacity than those reinforced with steel bars, which is not in a good convergence with numerical results. Authors did attempt to describe the reasons on achieving experimentally higher bearing capacity of beams reinforced with BFRP bars.

Characterization of the Creep Deformation and Rupture Behavior of DS GTD-111 Using the Kachanov–Rabotnov Constitutive Model

Creep deformation and rupture experiments are conducted on samples of the Ni-base superalloy directionally solidified GTD-111 tested at temperatures between 649°C and 982°C and two orientations (longitudinally and transversely oriented). The secondary creep constants are analytically determined from creep deformation experiments. The classical Kachanov–Rabotnov model for tertiary creep damage is implemented in a general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software. The simulated annealing optimization routine is utilized in conjunction with the FEA implementation to determine the creep damage constants. A comparison of FEA and creep deformation data demonstrates high accuracy. Using regression analysis, the creep constants are characterized for temperature dependence. A rupture prediction model derived from creep damage evolution is compared with rupture experiments.

Application of finite element analysis to the design of tissue leaflets for a percutaneous aortic valve

Percutaneous Aortic Valve (PAV) replacement is an attractive alternative to open heart surgery, especially for patients considered to be poor surgical candidates. Despite this, PAV replacement still has its limitations and associated risks. Bioprosthetic heart valves still have poor long-term durability due to calcification and mechanical failure. In addition, the implantation procedure often presents novel challenges, including damage to the expandable stents and bioprosthetic leaflets. In this study, a simplified version of Fung’s elastic constitutive model for skin, developed by Sun and Sacks, was implemented using finite element analysis (FEA) and applied to the modelling of bovine and kangaroo pericardium. The FEA implementation was validated by simulating biaxial tests and by comparing the results with experimental data. Concepts for different PAV geometries were developed by incorporating valve design and performance parameters, along with stent constraints. The influence of effects such as different leaflet material, material orientation and abnormal valve dilation on the valve function was investigated. The stress distribution across the valve leaflet was also examined to determine the appropriate fibre direction for the leaflet. The simulated attachment forces were compared with suture tearing tests performed on the pericardium to evaluate suture density. It is concluded that kangaroo pericardium is suitable for PAV applications, and superior to bovine pericardium, due to its lower thickness and greater extensibility.

FEA Implementation of Smeared Cyclic Bond Slip-Based Two-Dimensional Membrane Model

A reinforced concrete (RC) material model that includes frictional bond-slip behavior is proposed for use in a two-dimensional (2D) total strain-based finite element analysis (FEA). The initial motivation for this model is to improve tension stiffening behavior in total strain-based models. The proposed material model is based on a simplified mechanistic concept and is capable of modeling these mechanistic behaviors under cyclic loading in a smeared (average) manner. It is validated with shear wall test results available herein. Another motivation for this model is to understand the significance of crack strains so that the model can be extended in the future to include shear friction behavior for cracked concrete. This paper presents an FEA implementation of the proposed RC material model in the OpenSees framework.

Rate-dependent dynamic ALE analysis of finite deformation of elasto-viscoplastic solids

In this paper, formulation and implementation of finite element analysis within an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) description is presented for large deformation analysis of elasto-viscoplastic materials. The rate effects are included using a consistent procedure. An implicit algorithm with backward Euler integration scheme is used to integrate the elasto-viscoplastic constitutive equations. Also, the closed form of the consistent tangent operator is derived using the momentum balance equation to reduce the computation time. A fully coupled ALE procedure is used which includes dynamic effects. The proposed algorithm is implemented in an ALE code and its effectiveness and efficiency is verified through several numerical simulation problems and comparison with available experimental results.